Kathmandu. The government has unveiled the ‘Third National Determined Contribution (3rd NDC) with commitment to mitigate climate change. The government unveiled the third NDC at the inaugural session of the Sagarmatha Sambad in Kathmandu on Friday.
Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli handed over the book of the third NDC to COP29 Chairman Mukhtar Babaya. The cabinet meeting held on Wednesday approved sending it to the SECRETARIAT of the UNFCCC.
The third NDC has been prepared with a comprehensive framework for climate change mitigation, adaptation and financial management, including the Sustainable Development Goals by 2035, mobilization of domestic and international financial resources and climate implementation plans at the local level.
Nepal aims to contribute to climate crisis management by supporting global efforts to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Despite its negligible contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, Nepal has expanded the scope of its quantitative mitigation targets and policies and measures. The third nationally determined contribution has set a target by 2035.
Naresh Sharma, under-secretary at the Ministry of Forest and Environment, said the government has taken a policy to take effective steps in the areas of energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry, water resources, urban infrastructure and cultural heritage with the goal of achieving net-zero carbon emission by 2045.
Immediately after the release of the third NDC, he said that the participation of federal, provincial, local government, private sector, women, indigenous tribes, youth and concerned bodies has been ensured in the preparation of the third NDC and the principle of ‘leaving no one behind’ has been adopted.
He also said that the goals have been categorized as conditional and unconditional. He clarified that the second NDC now covers areas such as education, human rights and waste management, harm and loss from the perspective of climate justice.
Similarly, the government has also set goals in the thematic areas after in-depth discussion and consultation with communities of all classes and strata, he said.
He said, “We have worked on the basis of suggestions and data given by them while preparing this report by including all the civil societies with the stakeholders with the relevant institutions under the leadership of the ministries of the federal government so that we do not leave anyone behind in this process as much as possible, everyone has their own belonging and easy to implement.” Not only at the central level, we have also included the suggestions made by holding state-level discussions in all the seven provinces. ‘
“That’s not all. “We have prepared the report by collecting suggestions from the Ministry of Women, Children and Senior Citizens in order to make the programme inclusive,” he said, adding that the draft report was included on the basis of suggestions received by seeking public suggestions through the website of the Ministry of Forest and Environment after taking written opinion of the ministries.
As part of the 21st Conference of Parties to the United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Paris Agreement aims to limit the global average temperature to 1.5 degrees Celsius and not exceed 2 degrees Celsius.
To achieve these goals, parties to the Paris Agreement must submit nationally determined contributions (NDCs) every five years. In addition, Article 13 of the Paris Agreement establishes a sophisticated transparency framework for effective implementation of the Paris Agreement.
According to the same sophisticated transparency framework, all countries should submit transparency reports every two years. In 2016 and 2020, Nepal prepared the first and second nationally determined contributions and submitted them to the SECRETARIAT of the UNFCCC.
In order to implement the mandatory provision of submitting the third NDC by 2025, the government has prepared the NDC by periodically revising the quantitative and policy targets related to greenhouse gas emission reduction and climate adaptation.
Similarly, the third nationally determined contribution aims to improve transmission and distribution systems and reduce total transmission and distribution losses to 11.50 per cent by 2030 and 10.50 per cent by 2035.
The target is to expand electricity in rural areas and promote solar and hydropower and to set up waste-to-energy plants in special economic zones by 2035. A target has been set to build a 100-tonne per day (RDF) plant in The Kathmandu Valley.
The target is to set up 200 climate-friendly farms by 2030 and 100 climate-friendly villages by 2035. The target is to expand irrigation facilities to 753,000 hectares. The weekly agro-weather consultancy service is targeted to be extended to all 77 districts.
Forest, biodiversity and watershed conservation, sustainable management of 50 percent of the forests (including the Red Plus initiative) will be done. The target is to restore 50 per cent of the river banks and wetlands. There is a plan to control forest fires by 50 percent, 200 rain-saving dams and 1,000 water resources conservation plan under water resources and energy.
The main sectoral goals taken by the government in the third NDC
Energy sector goals
In the third NDC, the government has set ambitious targets on electricity generation and supply, electric stoves, transport and industry. Similarly, the target is to expand renewable power generation capacity to 14,031 MW by 2030 to 28,500 MW by 2035.
At least two special economic zones will set up waste power plants. A waste-to-energy power plant with a capacity of 100 tonnes per day will be set up in The Kathmandu Valley. By 2035, the government aims to expand the use of electric stoves to 1.9 million households, 15,000 organizations and firms, 550,000 large-sized bio-gas plants and 750,000 households by 2030, increase the use of iron improved stoves (MICS) in high-altitude areas to 48,068 units, increase the use of bio-gas to 500,000 units, and increase the use of large-scale bio-gas plants to 48,068 units. ।
Transport sector
The government has set a target of constructing and operating 200 kilometers of electric rail network for public transport and freight by 2030 and 300 kilometers by 2035. 2030: At least 50 kilometers of integrated electric bus, trolley and light rail transport system in Kathmandu Valley is targeted to be constructed and operated by 2030.
The target is to increase it to 100 kilometers in the next five years.
Similarly, the government has set a target to increase the sale of electric vehicles in all private vehicles, including two-wheelers, to 90 by 2030 and all four-wheelers operating in the private sector to 705 by 2030.
industry sector
The goal is to convert the brick industry, one of the major sources of pollution, into clean technology. The existing system will be converted into an environment-friendly system. This will help in reducing dust and GHG during the production of bricks. A medium-sized power-based tunnel furnace project is targeted to produce 100 million bricks per year by 2030.
Similarly, by 2035, all iron and steel industries will be electricity-based, two 920 limestone-based cement industries will use bio-energy and RDF as fuel instead of coal.
It aims to generate 75 MVA electricity by installing waste-to-electric recovery system in 16 limestone cement industries, convert 30 per cent of the boilers in all industries into electricity-based boilers and increase it to 70 per cent by 2035. Small kilns and boilers used by small and medium enterprises in The Kathmandu Valley will be converted into electricity.
Agriculture, forestry and other land use areas
The government aims to reduce methane gas emissions from improved sheds. For this purpose, 500,000 improved sheds will be constructed, gardens will be built on 10,000 hectares of land, soil organic matter will be increased by at least 3.95 percent, 50 percent of the terai and inner Tarai and 25 percent of the forests in the mid-hilly and mountainous areas will be managed using the financial resources obtained from the Red Plus initiative. Similarly, preparations are being made to make at least 7 percent of the area green in the city.
Waste management area
The target is to treat 510 million litres of waste water per day before mixing it with the rivulet, manage 37,000 cubic meters of directional waste per year, manage the waste of 2,800 health centers without burning them.
Industrial process and production use area
The goals taken in the field of industrial processing and production use focus on environmentally friendly production systems, the use of clean technology, and emission reduction. By 2035, the goal is to establish methane recovery plants in all industries, integrated with the Anaerobic Climate System.
The methane gas produced from this system can be reused as fuel. This will reduce the use of fossil fuels in industries. This will help significantly reduce the amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the environment.
Similarly, the government aims to reduce the use of clinker used in cement production by 50 percent by 2030 and 75 percent by 2035, which will drastically reduce GHG emissions in the cement industry. Similarly, the use of traditional inhalers and anesthetic gases used in the healthcare sector will also be reduced by 75 percent by 2035.
Instead, alternative technologies with low emissions will be installed. Which will ensure the expansion of environment-friendly technology and safe treatment system in the health sector. Thus, these clear goals in the industrial process and product use sector are focused on making industries clean, sustainable and climate-friendly.
Similarly, a target has been set to implement water quality testing and water accounting system in 20 river subbasins. Climate finance, equitable transformation, gender equality and social inclusion, climate adaptation, harm and loss, etc.
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